Thus, the improvement of CWP and WUE should rely on advanced water-saving innovations. It was concluded that climatic factors influenced the crop yield, CWP, and WUE in the study area. CWP was also found to correlate to the yield of major crops (p-value > 0.05).

CWP and WUE increased during the study period with different changing patterns. The results indicated that the basin water budget was unbalanced due to the coupled impact of year-to-year hot and dry conditions and increase in water abstraction, an indication of water deficit or stress. For the years 20, the mean of climatic water deficit P в€’ ETa was 71.03 km3 and 37.03 km3, respectively, which was expected to rise to ~494.57 km3 by 2050. The Mann-Kendall (MK) statistical test and SenвЂ™s slope estimator were applied to detect the trends of climatic factors, and the AquaCrop model was used to simulate the crop yields in response to water balance and consumption based on crop physiological, soil water, and salt budget concepts. This study aims to evaluate the contributions of hydro-meteorological factors to the changes of WA and CWP and subsequent WUE based on the data from 2009вЂ“2020 in the Nile River Basin (NRB), East Africa (EA). The case of El-Deir invites reevaluation of constructive agencies for the development of irrigated land and destructive agencies as limiting factors for the sustainability of agricultural practices in late antiquity.Д¬omplete water accounting (WA) and crop water productivity (CWP) analysis is crucial for evaluating water use efficiency (WUE). Very fast vertical soil accretion occurred in the Ptolemaic period, but irrigation soils were later destroyed during the Roman period by a combination of wind deflation and flash floods (second to fourth century A.D.), suggesting a period of climate instability. Playa sediments were deposited in the humid early Holocene and severely eroded by deflation before the onset of irrigated agriculture between Pharaonic and Persian times. The results show that the oasis experienced several phases of soil accretion and destruction through time. Our methodology combines the geomorphological interpretation of landforms (especially yardangs) with ceramics and 14C-dated charcoal to distinguish and date former agricultural areas in El-Deir. During the survey, spring mounds and irrigation soils belonging to an ancient agricultural zone were discovered, and further documented by ceramics found on the site. El-Deir is renowned for its Ptolemaic temple and Roman fortress on the road from former Hibis (Kharga) to the Nile Valley. The present study examines the geoarchaeological history of an oasis in Kharga Depression in central Egypt.

Western civilization ii jcjc midterm